Case Studies

First principles of scale. Unique ID schemes, sharding strategies, read-heavy caching, hot key mitigation, pre-generated key pools, tiered storage.

Async pipelines and multi-channel delivery. Kafka fan-out, per-channel workers, retry/DLQ, scheduled dispatch, content deduplication, async uploads.

Distributed rate control. Rate limiting algorithms from scratch, atomic Redis counters, distributed enforcement, rule management, DDoS layered defence.

Storage engine internals. Leaderless replication, quorum reads/writes, LSM tree internals, compaction strategies, gossip membership, conflict resolution.

Real-time systems at scale. WebSocket connection management, per-conversation sequencing, offline queues, thundering herd, backpressure, hot partition salting.