Case Studies

First principles of scale. Unique ID schemes, sharding strategies, read-heavy caching, hot key mitigation, pre-generated key pools, tiered storage.

Async pipelines and multi-channel delivery. Kafka fan-out, per-channel workers, retry/DLQ, scheduled dispatch, content deduplication, async uploads.

Distributed rate control. Rate limiting algorithms from scratch, atomic Redis counters, distributed enforcement, rule management, DDoS layered defence.

Complex real-world systems. KV store internals, leaderless replication, LSM trees — and Netflix: transcoding pipeline, adaptive bitrate, CDN at scale, Elasticsearch, fault isolation.

Real-time systems at scale. WebSocket connection management, per-conversation sequencing, offline queues, thundering herd, backpressure, hot partition salting.